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Background  Multipotent mesenchymal stromal/stem cell (MSC) therapy is under investigation in promising (pre-)clinical trials for wound healing, which is crucial for survival; however, the optimal cell dosage remains unknown. The aim was to investigate the efficacy of different low-to-high MSC dosages incorporated in a biodegradable collagen-based dermal regeneration template (DRT) Integra®.    Methods  We conducted a porcine study ( N  = 8 Yorkshire pigs) and seeded between 200 and 2,000,000 cells/cm 2  of umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal/stem cells on the DRT and grafted it onto full-thickness burn excised wounds. On day 28, comparisons were made between the different low-to-high cell dose groups, the acellular control, a burn wound, and healthy skin.    Result  We found that the low dose range between 200 and 40,000 cells/cm 2  regenerates the full-thickness burn excised wounds most efficaciously, followed by the middle dose range of 200,000–400,000 cells/cm 2  and a high dose of 2,000,000 cells/cm 2 . The low dose of 40,000 cells/cm 2  accelerated reepithelialization, reduced scarring, regenerated epidermal thickness superiorly, enhanced neovascularization, reduced fibrosis, and reduced type 1 and type 2 macrophages compared to other cell dosages and the acellular control.    Conclusion  This regenerative cell therapy study using MSCs shows efficacy toward a low dose, which changes the paradigm that more cells lead to better wound healing outcome.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-020-02131-6.

Skin regeneration is accelerated by a lower dose of multipotent mesenchymal stromal/stem cells—a paradigm change