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Background  Transplantation of pancreatic β cells generated in vitro from pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has been proposed as an alternative therapy for diabetes. Though many differentiation protocols have been developed for this purpose, lentivirus-mediated forced expression of transcription factors (TF)—PDX1 and NKX6.1—has been at the forefront for its relatively fast and straightforward approach. However, considering that such cells will be used for therapeutic purposes in the future, it is desirable to develop a procedure that does not leave any footprint on the genome, as any changes of DNAs could potentially be a source of unintended, concerning effects such as tumorigenicity. In this study, we attempted to establish a novel protocol for rapid and footprint-free hESC differentiation into a pancreatic endocrine lineage by using synthetic mRNAs (synRNAs) encoding  PDX1  and  NKX6.1 . We also tested whether  siPOU5F1 , which reduces the expression of pluripotency gene POU5F1 (also known as OCT4), can enhance differentiation as reported previously for mesoderm and endoderm lineages.    Methods  synRNA- PDX1  and synRNA- NKX6.1  were synthesized in vitro and were transfected five times to hESCs with a lipofection reagent in a modified differentiation culture condition.  siPOU5F1  was included only in the first transfection. Subsequently, cells were seeded onto a low attachment plate and aggregated by an orbital shaker. At day 13, the degree of differentiation was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry for endocrine hormones such as insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin.    Results  Both PDX1 and NKX6.1 expression were detected in cells co-transfected with synRNA- PDX1  and synRNA- NKX6.1  at day 3. Expression levels of insulin in the transfected cells at day 13 were 450 times and 14 times higher by qRT-PCR compared to the levels at day 0 and in cells cultured without synRNA transfection, respectively. Immunohistochemically, pancreatic endocrine hormones were not detected in cells cultured without synRNA transfection but were highly expressed in cells transfected with synRNA- PDX1 , synRNA- NKX6.1 , and  siPOU5F1  at as early as day 13.    Conclusions  In this study, we report a novel protocol for rapid and footprint-free differentiation of hESCs to endocrine cells.

stem cell research and therapy

Establishment of a rapid and footprint-free protocol for differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into pancreatic endocrine cells with synthetic mRNAs encoding transcription factors