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Background  The aim of this study was to investigate if epigenetically modified human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) can regulate the Th17-related immune responses.    Methods  We tested epigenetic drug combinations at various doses and selected the four combinations that resulted in maximal interleukin (IL)-10 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase gene expression in hMSCs. We examined the effects of epigenetically modified hMSCs (epi-hMSCs) on CD4 +  T-cell proliferation and inflammatory cytokine secretion under Th0- and Th17-polarizing conditions using mixed lymphocyte reactions and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). We determined Th17 cytokine levels and the percentage of Th17 cells among synovial fluid mononuclear cells (SFMCs) from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients by ELISA and flow cytometry.    Results  Epi-hMSCs inhibited the development of IL-17-producing cells in culture. The percentages of IL-17 +  and interferon (IFN)-γ +  cells among peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors were lower under both the Th0 and Th17 conditions in the presence of epi-hMSCs than in the presence of no or untreated hMSCs. Epi-hMSC-treated RA patient SFMCs secreted lower levels of IL-17 and IFN-γ than RA patient SFMCs cultured without hMSCs or with untreated hMSCs.    Conclusions  An optimal combination of hypomethylating agents and histone deacetylase inhibitors can enhance the immunomodulatory potential of hMSCs, which may be useful for RA treatment.

stem cell research and therapy

Epigenetic modification of mesenchymal stromal cells enhances their suppressive effects on the Th17 responses of cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients