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Background  In the field of experimental stem cell therapy, intra-arterial (IA) delivery yields the best results concerning, for example, migrated cell number at the targeted site. However, IA application also appears to be associated with increased mortality rates and infarction. Since many rodent studies systemically apply 1 × 10 6  cells, this could also be a consequence of engrafted cell number. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the effect of different doses of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) on engraftment rates and stroke outcome measured in vivo using 9.4-T high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).    Methods  Male Wistar rats ( n  = 43) underwent a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) for 45 or 90 min, followed by IA delivery of either saline or 1 × 10 6 , 3 × 10 5 , or 5 × 10 4  ASCs pre-labelled with very small superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (VSOPs). MRI (9.4-T) analysis was performed 48 h and 9 days post-MCAo. Lesion volumes were assessed by analysis of T2-weighted images and cell signal tracking showing cell engraftment and active cell migration by an improved T2*-analysis.    Results  The ASC-derived signal intensity increased in the affected hemisphere 48 h post MCAo with injected cell number ( p  < 0.05). The analysis of stroke volumes revealed an increased infarction after injection of 1 × 10 6  ASCs compared to controls or application of 5 × 10 4  ASCs ( p  < 0.05). At 9 days post-MCAo, injection of 3 × 10 5  ASCs resulted in reduced infarct volumes ( p  < 0.05). Correspondingly, MRI analysis revealed no changes in cell numbers between both MRI examinations but showed active ASC migration to the site of infarction.    Conclusion  Our results confirm that IA injection is an efficient way of targeting damaged brain tissue but its usefulness strongly depends on the right dose of delivered stem cells since this factor has a strong influence on migration rate and infarct volume, with better results for doses below 1 × 10 6  cells. Future challenges will include the determination of therapeutic doses for best cellular engraftment and stroke outcome.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0545-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The effect of adipose tissue-derived stem cells in a middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke model depends on their engraftment rate