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Most studies on intracoronary bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation for acute myocardial infarction involve treatment 3–7 days after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI); however, the optimal timing is unknown. The present study assessed the therapeutic effect at different times after ST-elevation myocardial infarction.    Methods  The present trial was not blinded. A total of 104 patients with a first ST-elevation myocardial infarction and a left ventricular ejection fraction below 50 %, who had PCI of the infarct-related artery, were randomly assigned to receive intracoronary infusion of bone marrow mononuclear cells within 24 hours (group A, n = 27), 3 to 7 days after PCI (group B, n = 26), or 7 to 30 days after PCI (group C, n = 26), or to the control group (n = 25), which received saline infusion performed immediately after emergency PCI. All patients in groups A, B and C received an injection of 15 ml cell suspension containing approximately 4.9 × 10 8  bone marrow mononuclear cells into the infarct-related artery after successful PCI.    Results  Compared to control and group C patients, group A and B patients had a significantly higher absolute increase in left ventricular ejection fraction from baseline to 12 months (change: 3.4 ± 5.7 % in control, 7.9 ± 4.9 % in group A, 6.9 ± 3.9 % in group B, 4.7 ± 3.7 % in group C), a greater decrease in left ventricular end-systolic volumes (change: −6.4 ± 15.9 ml in control, −20.5 ± 13.3 ml in group A, −19.6 ± 11.1 ml in group B, −9.4 ± 16.3 ml in group C), and significantly greater myocardial perfusion (change from baseline: −4.7 ± 5.7 % in control, −7.8 ± 4.5 % in group A, −7.5 ± 2.9 % in group B, −5.0 ± 4.0 % in group C). Group A and B patients had similar beneficial effects on cardiac function ( p  = 0.163) and left ventricular geometry (left ventricular end-distolic volume:  p  = 0.685; left ventricular end-systolic volume:  p  = 0.622) assessed by echocardiography, whereas group C showed similar results to those of the control group. Group B showed more expensive care ( p  < 0.001) and longer hospital stays during the first month after emergency PCI ( p  < 0.001) than group A, with a similar improvement after repeat cardiac catheterization following emergency PCI.    Conclusion  Cell therapy in acute myocardial infarction patients that is given within 24 hours is similar to 3–7 days after the primary PCI.    Trial registration   NCT02425358 , registered 30 April 2015

Timing for intracoronary administration of bone marrow mononuclear cells after acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a pilot study