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Background  The concerted activity of  Meis  and  Hoxa11  transcription factors is essential for the subdivision of tetrapod limbs into proximo-distal (PD) domains; however, little is know about the evolution of this patterning mechanism. Here, we aim to study the expression of  meis  and  hoxa11  orthologues in the median and paired rayed fins of zebrafish and in the lobed fins of the Australian lungfish.    Results  First, a late phase of expression of  meis1.1  and  hoxa11b  in zebrafish dorsal and anal fins relates with segmentation of endochondral elements in proximal and distal radials. Second, our zebrafish in situ hybridization results reveal spatial and temporal changes between pectoral and pelvic fins. Third, in situ analysis of  meis1 ,  meis3  and  hoxa11  genes in  Neoceratodus  pectoral fins identifies decoupled domains of expression along the PD axis.    Conclusions  Our data raise the possibility that the origin of stylopod and zeugopod lies much deeper in gnathostome evolution and that variation in  meis  and  hoxa11  expression has played a substantial role in the transformation of appendage anatomy. Moreover, these observations provide evidence that the  Meis / Hoxa11  profile considered a hallmark of stylopod/zeugopod patterning is present in  Neoceratodus .    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13227-018-0099-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Expression of meis and hoxa11 in dipnoan and teleost fins provides new insights into the evolution of vertebrate appendages