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Purpose This research was performed to evaluate the antibacterial and health-promoting potentials of nanoliposome-encapsulated phenolic-rich fraction (PRF) from  Alcea rosea  leaves, as a dietary phytobiotic, in mice as challenged by enteropathogenic  Escherichia coli  ( E. coli ; O157: H7). Method The PEF was encapsulated in nanoliposomes (PEF-NLs), and the phenolic profiling of PEF-NLs was confirmed by HPLC. Next, 40 white male balb/c mice were assigned to four treatment groups to assess the antibacterial potential of PEF-NLs by measuring the blood parameters and the liver’s lipid peroxidation in the mice as a result of the infection caused by  E. coli . Finally, the expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were determined in the miceʼs ileum tissues. A real-time PCR was used to analyze the relative fold changes in the population of  E. coli  in the ileum. Results The overall results demonstrated that the nanoliposome-loaded PRF contained gallic acid, salicylic acid, pyrogallol, cinnamic acid, catechin, naringin, and ferulic acid. The  E. coli  intervention impaired the mice's weight gain, food intake, liver enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and the ileum’s morphometric characteristics. The challenge also upregulated the inflammatory genes (COX2, iNOS), downregulated the antioxidant-related genes (SOD and GPx), and increased the population of  E. coli  in the ileum. The dietary inclusion of the nonencapsulated PRF and the nanoliposome-encapsulated PRF, at the concentration of 10 mg TPC/kg BW/day, improved these parameters. However, compared to nonencapsulated PRF, the nanoliposome-encapsulated PRF appeared to be more effective in improving the health parameters in mice. Conclusion As a promising phytobiotic, the nanoliposome-encapsulated PRF could play a critical role against the  E. coli  infection in mice probably due to the increase in the higher intestinal solubility, bioavailability, and absorption of phenolic compounds encapsulated in the nanoliposome carrier.

Nanoliposome-encapsulated phenolic-rich fraction from Alcea rosea as a dietary phytobiotic in mice challenged by Escherichia coli