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Background  Globalization of clinical trials has important consequences for trial planning and interpretation. This study investigated heterogeneity in patient characteristics and outcomes among world regions in the global idalopirdine Phase 3 clinical program.    Methods  Data were pooled from three 24-week randomized controlled trials in patients aged ≥ 50 years with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease (AD) ( n  = 2506). Patients received idalopirdine (10, 30, or 60 mg/day) or placebo, added to cholinesterase inhibitor treatment. Patients were categorized into the following regions: Eastern Europe/Turkey ( n  = 759), Western Europe/Israel ( n  = 709), USA/Canada ( n  = 444), South America/Mexico ( n  = 361), Asia ( n  = 134), and Australia/South Africa ( n  = 99). For each region, operational characteristics, baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, adverse events, and mean change from baseline to week 24 in clinical rating scale scores (placebo group only) were summarized using descriptive statistics.    Results  Completion rates were 0.86–0.90 in all regions. Heterogeneity among global regions was evident. Protocol deviations were twice as common in South America/Mexico as in USA/Canada (2.64 vs 1.35 per patient screened). Educational level ranged from 9.2 years in South America/Mexico to 13.4 years in USA/Canada.  APOE  ε4 carriage was 80.6% in Australia/South Africa, 63.1% in Western Europe/Israel, and < 60% in other regions. Screening Mini–Mental State Examination scores were higher in Eastern Europe/Turkey (18.0) and USA/Canada (17.5) than in other regions (16.9–17.1). Baseline AD Assessment Scale—Cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog) scores ranged from 24.3 in USA/Canada to 27.2 in South America/Mexico. Baseline AD Cooperative Study—Activities of Daily Living, 23-item version (ADCS-ADL 23 ) scores ranged from 58.5 in USA/Canada to 53.5 in Eastern Europe/Turkey. In the placebo group, adverse events were 1.6–1.7 times more common in Western Europe/Israel, USA/Canada, and Australia/South Africa than in Eastern Europe/Turkey. On the ADAS-Cog, Australia/South Africa and Western Europe/Israel showed the most worsening among patients receiving placebo (1.56 and 1.40 points, respectively), whereas South America/Mexico showed an improvement (−0.71 points). All regions worsened on the ADCS-ADL 23 , from −3.21 points in Western Europe/Israel to −0.59 points in Eastern Europe/Turkey.    Conclusions  Regional heterogeneity—in terms of study conduct, patient characteristics, and outcomes—exists, and should be accounted for, when planning and conducting multinational AD clinical trials.    Trial registration  ClinicalTrials.gov,  NCT01955161 . Registered on 27 September 2013.  ClinicalTrials.gov,  NCT02006641 . Registered on 5 December 2013.  ClinicalTrials.gov,  NCT02006654 . Registered on 5 December 2013.

alzheimer's research and therapy

Insights into globalization: comparison of patient characteristics and disease progression among geographic regions in a multinational Alzheimer’s disease clinical program