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Background  The deposition of neurotoxic amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in plaques in the brain parenchyma and in cerebral blood vessels is considered to be a key event in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. Although the presence and impact of full-length Aβ peptides such as Aβ 1–40  and Aβ 1–42  have been analyzed extensively, the deposition of N-terminally truncated Aβ peptide species has received much less attention, largely because of the lack of specific antibodies.    Methods  This paper describes the generation and characterization of novel antibodies selective for Aβ 4–x  peptides and provides immunohistochemical evidence of Aβ 4–x  in the human brain and its distribution in the APP/PS1KI and 5XFAD transgenic mouse models.    Results  The Aβ 4–x  staining pattern was restricted mainly to amyloid plaque cores and cerebral amyloid angiopathy in AD and Down syndrome cases and in both AD mouse models. In contrast, diffuse amyloid deposits were largely negative for Aβ 4–x  immunoreactivity. No overt intraneuronal staining was observed.    Conclusions  The findings of this study are consistent with previous reports demonstrating a high aggregation propensity of Aβ 4–x  peptides and suggest an important role of these N-truncated Aβ species in the process of amyloidogenesis and plaque core formation.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13195-017-0309-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

N-truncated Aβ4–x peptides in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease cases and transgenic Alzheimer mouse models