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Background  Recent studies demonstrated that changes in DNA methylation (DNAm) and inactivation of two imprinted genes ( MKRN3  and  DLK1 ) alter the onset of female puberty. We aimed to investigate the association of DNAm profiling with the timing of human puberty analyzing the genome-wide DNAm patterns of peripheral blood leukocytes from ten female patients with central precocious puberty (CPP) and 33 healthy girls (15 pre- and 18 post-pubertal). For this purpose, we performed comparisons between the groups: pre- versus post-pubertal, CPP versus pre-pubertal, and CPP versus post-pubertal.    Results  Analyzing the methylome changes associated with normal puberty, we identified 120 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) when comparing pre- and post-pubertal healthy girls. Most of these DMRs were hypermethylated in the pubertal group (99%) and located on the X chromosome (74%). Only one genomic region, containing the promoter of  ZFP57 , was hypomethylated in the pubertal group.  ZFP57  is a transcriptional repressor required for both methylation and imprinting of multiple genomic loci.  ZFP57  expression in the hypothalamus of female rhesus monkeys increased during peripubertal development, suggesting enhanced repression of downstream ZFP57 target genes. Fourteen other  zinc finger  ( ZNF ) genes were related to the hypermethylated DMRs at normal puberty. Analyzing the methylome changes associated with CPP, we demonstrated that the patients with CPP exhibited more hypermethylated CpG sites compared to both pre-pubertal (81%) and pubertal (89%) controls. Forty-eight  ZNF  genes were identified as having hypermethylated CpG sites in CPP.    Conclusion  Methylome profiling of girls at normal and precocious puberty revealed a widespread pattern of DNA hypermethylation, indicating that the pubertal process in humans is associated with specific changes in epigenetically driven regulatory control. Moreover, changes in methylation of several  ZNF  genes appear to be a distinct epigenetic modification underlying the initiation of human puberty.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-018-0581-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Methylome profiling of healthy and central precocious puberty girls