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Objective  The Caribbean is an important global biodiversity hotspot. Adaptive radiations there lead to many speciation events within a limited period and hence are particularly prominent biodiversity generators. A prime example are freshwater fish of the genus  Limia , endemic to the Greater Antilles. Within Hispaniola, nine species have been described from a single isolated site, Lake Miragoâne, pointing towards extraordinary sympatric speciation. This study examines the evolutionary history of the  Limia  species in Lake Miragoâne, relative to their congeners throughout the Caribbean.    Results  For 12  Limia  species, we obtained almost complete sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome  b  gene, a well-established marker for lower-level taxonomic relationships. We included sequences of six further  Limia  species from GenBank (total N  = 18 species). Our phylogenies are in concordance with other published phylogenies of  Limia . There is strong support that the species found in Lake Miragoâne in Haiti are monophyletic, confirming a recent local radiation. Within Lake Miragoâne, speciation is likely extremely recent, leading to incomplete lineage sorting in the mtDNA. Future studies using multiple unlinked genetic markers are needed to disentangle the relationships within the Lake Miragoâne clade.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-021-05843-x.

A phylogeny of the genus Limia (Teleostei: Poeciliidae) suggests a single-lake radiation nested in a Caribbean-wide allopatric speciation scenario