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Objective  In tropical Africa, trypanosomiasis is present in endemic areas with many other diseases including malaria. Because malaria vectors become more anthropo-zoophilic under the current insecticide pressure, they may be exposed to trypanosome parasites. By collecting mosquitoes in six study sites with distinct malaria infection prevalence and blood sample from cattle, we tried to assess the influence of malaria-trypanosomiasis co-endemicity on the vectorial capacity of  Anopheles .    Results  Overall, all animal infections were due to  Trypanosoma vivax  (infection rates from 2.6 to 10.5%) in villages where the lowest  Plasmodium  prevalence were observed at the beginning of the study.  An. gambiae  s.l. displayed trophic preferences for human-animal hosts. Over 84 mosquitoes, only one was infected by  Plasmodium falciparum  (infection rate: 4.5%) in a site that displayed the highest prevalence at the beginning of the study. Thus,  Anopheles  could be exposed to  Trypanosoma  when they feed on infected animals. No  Plasmodium  infection was observed in the  Trypanosoma -infected animals sites. This can be due to an interaction between both parasites as observed in mice and highlights the need of further studies considering  Trypanosoma / Plasmodium  mixed infections to better characterize the role of these infections in the dynamic of malaria transmission and the mechanisms involved.

Possible influence of Plasmodium/Trypanosoma co-infections on the vectorial capacity of Anopheles mosquitoes