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Background  Cholera, one of the world’s deadliest infectious diseases, remains rampant and frequent in Tanzania and thus hinders existing control measures. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the occurrence of toxigenic  Vibrio cholerae  O1 in wastewater, fish and vegetables during a non-outbreak period in Morogoro, Tanzania.    Methods  From October 2014 to February 2015, 60 wastewater samples, 60 fish samples from sewage stabilization ponds and 60 wastewater irrigated vegetable samples were collected. Samples were cultured for identification of  V. cholerae  using conventional bacteriological methods. Isolates were confirmed as  V. cholerae  by detection of the outer membrane protein gene ( omp W) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Isolates were further tested for antibiotic susceptibility and presence of virulence genes including, cholera enterotoxin gene ( ctx ), the toxin co-regulated pilus gene ( tcpA ) and the haemolysin gene ( hly A).    Results  The prevalence of  V. cholerae  in wastewater, vegetables and fish was 36.7, 21.7 and 23.3 %, respectively. Two isolates from fish gills were  V. cholerae  O1 and tested positive for c tx  and  tcp A. One of these contained in addition the  hly A gene while five isolates from fish intestines tested positive for  tcp A. All  V. cholerae  isolates were resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin and some to tetracycline, but sensitive to gentamicin, chloramphenicol, and ciprofloxacin.    Conclusions  Our results show that toxigenic and drug-resistant  V. cholerae  O1 species are present and persist in aquatic environments during a non-cholera outbreak period. This is of public health importance and shows that such environments may be important as reservoirs and in the transmission of  V. cholerae  O1.

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Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 in vegetables and fish raised in wastewater irrigated fields and stabilization ponds during a non-cholera outbreak period in Morogoro, Tanzania: an environmental health study