English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Background  Despite advances to targeted leishmanicidal chemotherapy, defies around severe toxicity, recent emergence of resistant variants and absence of rational vaccine still persist. This necessitates search and/or progressive validation of accessible medicinal remedies including plant based. The study examined both in vivo and in vitro response of  L. major  infection to combined therapy of  Ricinus communis  and  Azadirachta indica  extracts in BALB/c mice as the mouse model. A comparative study design was applied.    Results  BALB/c mice, treated with combination therapy resulted in significantly ( p  < 0.05) larger reduction of lesion than those treated with monotherapies. The spleno-somatic index was found to be significantly low with combination therapy than monotherapies. Antiparasitic effect of  A. indica  and  R. communis  on amastigote with a 50 % inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) was of 11.5 and 16.5 µg mL −1  respectively while combination therapy gave 9.0 µg ml −1  compared to the standard drugs, Pentostam and amphotericin B which had an IC 50  of 6.5 and 4.5 µg ml −1  respectively. Optimal efficacy of  A. indica  and  R. communis  was 72 and 59.5 % respectively, combination therapy gave 88 %, while Pentostam and amphotericin B had 98 and 92 % respectively against amastigotes. Against promastigotes  A. indica  and  R. Communis  gave an IC 50  of 10.1, 25.5 µg mL −1  respectively, while combination, 12.2 µg mL −1  against 4.1 and 5.0 µg ml −1  for Pentostam and amphotericin B respectively. The optimal efficacy of the compounds against promastigotes was 78.0, 61.5 and 91.2 % ( A. indica, R. communis  and  A. indica  +  R. communis  respectively) against 96.5 and 98 % for Pentostam and amphotericin B respectively. The concentrations at optimal efficacy were significantly different ( p  < 0.05) among the test compounds. An evaluation of the IC 50  values of the combination therapies clearly reveals synergistic effects.    Conclusion  Combination therapy of  A. indica  and  R. communis  had best antileishmanial activity than the monotherapies. The active ingredients of both  R. communis  and  A. indica  need to be fractionated, and studied further for activity against  Leishmania  parasites.

bmc research notes

Evaluation of leishmanicidal activity and cytotoxicity of Ricinus communis and Azadirachta indica extracts from western Kenya: in vitro and in vivo assays