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Background  This study sought to determine the effects of a 6-week neuromuscular training (NMT) and NMT plus external focus (NMT plus EF) programs on trunk and lower extremity inter-segmental movement coordination in active individuals at risk of injury.    Methods  Forty-six active male athletes (controls = 15, NMT = 16, NMT plus EF = 15) participated (age = 23.26 ± 2.31 years) in this controlled, laboratory study. Three-dimensional kinematics were collected during a drop vertical jump (DVJ). A continuous relative phase (CRP) analysis quantified inter-segmental coordination of the: (1) thigh (flexion/extension)—shank (flexion/extension), (2) thigh (abduction/adduction)—shank (flexion/extension), (3) thigh (abduction/adduction)—trunk (flexion/extension), and (4) trunk (flexion/extension)—pelvis (posterior tilt/anterior tilt). Analysis of covariance compared biomechanical data between groups.    Results  After 6 weeks, inter-segmental coordination patterns were significantly different between the NMT and NMT plus EF groups ( p  < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in CRP for trunk-pelvis coupling comparing between NMT and NMT plus EF groups ( p  = 0.134), while significant differences were observed CRP angle of the thigh-shank, thigh-trunk couplings ( p  < 0.05).    Conclusions  Trunk and lower extremity movement coordination were more in-phase during DVJ in the NMT plus EF compared to NMT in active individuals at risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury.   Trial registration : The protocol was prospectively registered at UMIN_RCT website with ID number: UMIN000035050, Date of provisional registration 2018/11/27.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13102-021-00326-9.

bmc sports science, medicine and rehabilitation

Altered trunk and lower extremity movement coordination after neuromuscular training with and without external focus instruction: a randomized controlled trial