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Background  A family of  Tc1/mariner  transposons with a characteristic DD38E triad of catalytic amino acid residues, named  Intruder  ( IT ), was previously discovered in sturgeon genomes, but their evolutionary landscapes remain largely unknown.    Results  Here, we comprehensively investigated the evolutionary profiles of  ITs , and evaluated their cut-and-paste activities in cells.  ITs  exhibited a narrow taxonomic distribution pattern in the animal kingdom, with invasions into two invertebrate phyla (Arthropoda and Cnidaria) and three vertebrate lineages (Actinopterygii, Agnatha, and Anura): very similar to that of the DD36E/ IC  family. Some animal orders and species seem to be more hospitable to  Tc1/mariner  transposons, one order of Amphibia and seven Actinopterygian orders are the most common orders with horizontal transfer events and have been invaded by all four families (DD38E/ IT , DD35E/ TR , DD36E/ IC  and DD37E/ TRT ) of  Tc1/mariner  transposons, and eight Actinopterygii species were identified as the major hosts of these families. Intact  ITs  have a total length of 1.5–1.7 kb containing a transposase gene flanked by terminal inverted repeats (TIRs). The phylogenetic tree and sequence identity showed that  IT  transposases were most closely related to DD34E/ Tc1 .  ITs  have been involved in multiple events of horizontal transfer in vertebrates and have invaded most lineages recently (< 5 million years ago) based on insertion age analysis. Accordingly,  ITs  presented high average sequence identity (86–95%) across most vertebrate species, suggesting that some are putatively active.  IT s can transpose in human HeLa cells, and the transposition efficiency of consensus TIRs was higher than that of the TIRs of natural isolates.    Conclusions  We conclude that DD38E/ IT  originated from DD34E/ Tc1  and can be detected in two invertebrate phyla (Arthropoda and Cnidaria), and in three vertebrate lineages (Actinopterygii, Agnatha and Anura).  IT  has experienced multiple HT events in animals, dominated by recent amplifications in most species and has high identity among vertebrate taxa. Our reconstructed  IT  transposon vector designed according to the sequence from the “cat” genome showed high cut-and-paste activity. The data suggest that  IT  has been acquired recently and is active in many species. This study is meaningful for understanding the evolution of the  Tc1/mariner  superfamily members and their hosts.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13100-020-00227-7.

Intruder (DD38E), a recently evolved sibling family of DD34E/Tc1 transposons in animals