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Background  Transposition of  P  elements in the genome causes P–M hybrid dysgenesis in  Drosophila melanogaster . For the P strain, the P–M phenotypes are associated with the ability to express a class of small RNAs, called piwi-interacting small RNAs (piRNAs), that suppress the  P  elements in female gonads. However, little is known about the extent to which piRNAs are involved in the P–M hybrid dysgenesis in M′ and Q strains, which show different abilities to regulate the  P  elements from P strains.    Results  To elucidate the molecular basis of the suppression of paternally inherited  P  elements, we analyzed the mRNA and piRNA levels of  P  elements in the F1 progeny between males of a P strain and nine-line females of M′ or Q strains (M′ or Q progenies). M′ progenies showed the hybrid dysgenesis phenotype, while Q progenies did not. Consistently, the levels of  P -element mRNA in both the ovaries and F1 embryos were higher in M′ progenies than in Q progenies, indicating that the M′ progenies have a weaker ability to suppress  P -element expression. The level of  P -element mRNA was inversely correlated to the level of piRNAs in F1 embryos. Importantly, the M′ progenies were characterized by a lower abundance of  P -element piRNAs in both young ovaries and F1 embryonic bodies. The Q progenies showed various levels of piRNAs in both young ovaries and F1 embryonic bodies despite all of the Q progenies suppressing  P -element transposition in their gonad.    Conclusions  Our results are consistent with an idea that the level of  P -element piRNAs is a determinant for dividing strain types between M′ and Q and that the suppression mechanisms of transposable elements, including piRNAs, are varied between natural populations.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13100-017-0096-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Diversity of P-element piRNA production among M' and Q strains and its association with P-M hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster