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Background  Recently, the role of endogenous microbiota and the genotype-microbiota correlation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis have been highlighted. However, fungi, as the second most prevalent residents of the intestine, and their primary receptor, Dectin-1, are underrated. Thus, we conducted the first human study investigating the association of  Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2)  polymorphism  (rs11564258)  with type and the extent of intestinal fungi in IBD patients.    Material and methods  A case–control study was performed on 79 ulcerative colitis (UC)-patients (case group) and 58 healthy subjects (HS group). DNA was extracted from blood samples of both groups and amplified with the primers designed for the specific locus containing the LRRK2 polymorphism ( rs11564258 ) and then sequenced. Dectin-1 and LRRK2 mRNA expression levels were also determined. Furthermore, the type and prevalence of fecal yeast species were surveyed in case and control groups.    Results  A positive correlation was observed between  rs11564258  polymorphism and UC susceptibility (p = 0.008 vs. HS). Patients with active UC had the highest rate of isolated fungal colonies (50.41%), followed by patients with non-active UC (24.6%) and HS (25%). These results showed a relationship between UC severity with the increased fungal load.  Candida albicans  had the highest prevalence in both UC (78.7%) and HS groups (55.8%). Whereas  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  was the second most common species detected in HS (15.23%), it was significantly reduced in the UC patient group (1.68%) ( P  = 0.0001). On the other hand, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP,  rs11564258 ) was not correlated with the increased fungal flora in the UC patients. The expression of LRRK2 and Dectin-1 mRNA detected in blood samples was notably higher in the UC patients ( P  < 0.01) than in the HS group, without being affected by  rs11564258  polymorphism.    Conclusions  Here, we disclosed that LRRK2 mediates Dectin-1 signaling pathway activation and subsequent inflammation in the UC patients without being affected by the presence of SNP  rs11564258 . Our data showed an increased global fungal load in the UC patients along with elevated UC susceptibility in cases carrying  rs11564258  polymorphism. However, more clinical investigations, particularly in larger populations with different ethnic groups, are required to support this conclusion.

gut pathogens

Association of LRRK2 rs11564258 single nucleotide polymorphisms with type and extent of gastrointestinal mycobiome in ulcerative colitis: a case–control study