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The true prevalence of  tet (A), which codes for a tetracycline efflux pump, in thermophilic  Camplyobacter  spp. requires clarification after reports emerged in Iran (2014) and Kenya (2016) of the novel detection of  tet (A) in  Campylobacter . During our investigation of antibiotic resistance mechanisms in a sample of Irish thermophilic  Campylobacter  broiler isolates, it was determined that 100% of tetracycline-resistant isolates (n = 119) harboured  tet (O). Accessory tetracycline-resistance mechanisms were considered as tetracycline minimum inhibitory concentrations ranged from 4 to ≥ 64 mg/L. Primers previously reported for the detection of  tet (A) in  Campylobacter  failed to produce an amplicon using a positive control strain ( Escherichia coli  K12 SK1592 containing the pBR322 plasmid) and a selection of  Campylobacter  isolates. Accordingly, we designed new  tet (A)-targeting primers on SnapGene2.3.2 that successfully generated a 407 bp product from the positive control strain only. Further in silico analysis using BLASTn and SnapGene2.3.2 revealed that previously reported  Campylobacter tet (A) sequences deposited on GenBank shared 100% homology with  Campylobacter tet (O). We postulate that this gave rise to the erroneous report of a high  tet(A)  prevalence among a pool of Kenyan broiler  Campylobacter  isolates that were tested using primers designed based on these apparent  tet (A) sequences. In conclusion, further work would be required to determine whether the homology between  tet (A) potentially present in  Campylobacter  and known  tet (A) genes would be sufficient to allow amplification using the primers designed in our study. Finally, the existence of  tet (A) in thermophilic  Campylobacter  spp. remains to be demonstrated.

gut pathogens

Investigation of molecular mechanisms underlying tetracycline resistance in thermophilic Campylobacter spp. suggests that previous reports of tet(A)-mediated resistance in these bacteria are premature