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Salmonella enterica  serotype  Heidelberg  is primarily a poultry adapted serotype of Salmonella that can also colonize other hosts and cause human disease. In this study, we compared the genomes of outbreak associated non-outbreak causing  Salmonella  ser.  Heidelberg  strains from diverse hosts and geographical regions. Human outbreak associated strains in this study were from a 2015 multistate outbreak of  Salmonella  ser.  Heidelberg  involving 15 states in the United States which originated from bull calves. Our clinicopathologic examination revealed that cases involving  Salmonella  ser.  Heidelberg  strains were predominantly young, less than weeks-old, dairy calves. Pre-existing or concurrent disease was found in the majority of the calves. Detection of  Salmonella  ser.  Heidelberg  correlated with markedly increased death losses clinically comparable to those seen in herds infected with  S.  Dublin, a known serious pathogen of cattle. Whole genome based single nucleotide polymorphism based analysis revealed that these calf isolates formed a distinct cluster along with outbreak associated human isolates. The defining feature of the outbreak associated strains, when compared to older isolates of  S .  Heidelberg , is that all isolates in this cluster contained  Saf  fimbrial genes which are generally absent in  S .  Heidelberg . The acquisition of several single nucleotide polymorphisms and the gain of  Saf  fimbrial genes may have contributed to the increased disease severity of these  Salmonella  ser.  Heidelberg  strains.   Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13099-018-0279-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Genome divergence and increased virulence of outbreak associated Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Heidelberg