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Background  Insulin resistance is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the underlying cause of various metabolic changes observed in type 2 diabetic patients. This study investigated the molecular basis of the anti-hyperglycemic activity of the lanosteryl triterpene (RA-3), from  Protorhus longifolia  stem bark, in hyperlipidemic and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T2DM in rats.    Methods  The high-fat diet fed (HFD) and STZ-induced T2DM in rat model was used to evaluate the anti-hyperglycemic activity of RA-3. The hyperlipidemic rats received a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (35 mg/kg body weight) to induce T2DM. The experimental animals received a daily oral single dose of RA-3 (100 mg/kg body) for a period of 28 days, whiles the control group received distilled water only. The animals were euthanized, and skeletal muscle was collected for protein (IRS-1, AKT, GSK and GLUT 4) expression analysis. Western blot confirmed expression of the proteins.    Results  Treatment of the diabetic animals with the RA-3 showed marked reduction in fasting plasma glucose levels in comparison to the untreated diabetic group animals. A significant decrease in p-GSK-3β and p-AKT expression was observed, whereas the expression of IRS-1 ser307  were increased when compared to the diabetic control group. This effect was ablated upon treatment with RA-3 and this was concomitant to an observed increase in GLUT 4 expression.    Conclusions  The results obtained in the present study strongly suggested that the anti-hyperglycemic effect of RA-3 could partly be associated with its ability to improve cellular glucose uptake in muscle tissue from T2DM.

Molecular basis of the anti-hyperglycemic activity of RA-3 in hyperlipidemic and streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes in rats