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Background  Tendon disease is a significant global healthcare burden whereby patients experience pain and disability; however, the mechanisms that underlie inflammation and pain are poorly understood. Herein, we investigated the role of prostaglandins as important mediators of inflammation and pain in tissues and cells derived from patients with tendinopathy.    Methods  We studied supraspinatus and Achilles tendon biopsies from symptomatic patients with tendinopathy or rupture. Tendon-derived stromal cells (CD45 neg CD34 neg ) isolated from tendons were cultured and treated with interleukin-1β (IL-1β) to investigate prostaglandin production.    Results  Diseased tendon tissues showed increased expression of prostacyclin receptor (IP) and enzymes catalyzing the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, including cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), COX-2, prostacyclin synthase (PGIS), and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1). PGIS co-localized with cells expressing Podoplanin, a marker of stromal fibroblast activation, and the nociceptive neuromodulator NMDAR-1. Treatment with IL-1β induced release of the prostacyclin metabolite 6-keto PGF 1α  in tendon cells isolated from diseased supraspinatus and Achilles tendons but not in cells from healthy comparator tendons. The same treatment induced profound prostaglandin E 2  (PGE 2 ) release in tendon cells derived from patients with supraspinatus tendon tears. Incubation of IL-1β treated diseased tendon cells with selective mPGES-1 inhibitor Compound III, reduced PGE 2 , and simultaneously increased 6-keto PGF 1α  production. Conversely, COX blockade with naproxen or NS-398 inhibited both PGE 2  and 6-keto PGF 1α  production. Tendon biopsies from patients in whom symptoms had resolved showed increased  PTGIS  compared to biopsies from patients with persistent tendinopathy.    Conclusions  Our results suggest that PGE 2  sustains inflammation and pain while prostacyclin may have a protective role in human tendon disease.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13075-019-1855-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Divergent roles of prostacyclin and PGE2 in human tendinopathy