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Background  Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells that recognise bacterial metabolites presented by MHC class I-related protein 1 (MR1). Bacterial dysbiosis has been implicated in auto-inflammatory disease development. We investigated MAIT cells in early, untreated rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA) patients.    Methods  Blood and synovial fluid mononuclear cells obtained from patients (SpA/RA) and controls were stimulated with fixed  Escherichia coli  to provide MAIT ligand. Cells were analysed by flow cytometry and MAIT cells were identified by MR1-5-OP-RU tetramers. Synovial biopsies were studied by confocal microscopy.    Results  Peripheral and synovial CD3 +  MR1-tet +  MAIT cell frequencies were comparable in all groups. MAIT cells were detected in RA and SpA synovium based on CD3, CD161 and Vα7.2 expression. Peripheral RA MAIT cells were mostly CD4 +  (controls 8.3%, SpA 12.3%, RA 52.6%;  p  < 0.001) and CD161 expression was strongly reduced (control mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) = 2348, SpA MFI = 2219, RA MFI = 226;  p  < 0.001). MAIT cells were hyporesponsive, shown by minimal upregulation of CD25 and CD69 to  E. coli  stimulation (control, CD25 MFI = 177, CD69 MFI = 1307; SpA, CD25 MFI = 95, CD69 MFI = 1257; RA, CD25 MFI = 0, CD69 MFI = 467;  p  < 0.001 and  p  = 0.01 respectively).    Conclusion  In early untreated RA patients, the peripheral MAIT cell composition was altered, with reduced levels of CD161 expression, and cells were hyporesponsive to stimulation. MAIT cell dysfunction may provide a link between the microbiome and development of RA.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13075-018-1799-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Altered composition and phenotype of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in early untreated rheumatoid arthritis