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Background  CD4 +  T cells are of great importance in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), as an imbalance between CD4 +  regulatory T cells (Tregs) and CD4 +  responder T cells (Tresps) causes flares of active disease in SLE patients. In this study, we aimed to find the role of aberrant Treg/Tresp cell differentiation for maintaining Treg/Tresp cell balance and Treg functionality.    Methods  To determine differences in the differentiation of Tregs/Tresps we calculated the percentages of CD45RA + CD31 +  recent thymic emigrant (RTE) Tregs/Tresps and CD45RA + CD31 −  mature naive (MN) Tregs/Tresps, as well as CD45RA − CD31 +  and CD45RA − CD31 −  memory Tregs/Tresps (CD31 +  and CD31 −  memory Tregs/Tresps) within the total Treg/Tresp pool of 78 SLE remission patients compared with 94 healthy controls of different ages. The proliferation capacity of each Treg/Tresp subset was determined by staining the cells with anti-Ki67 monoclonal antibodies. Differences in the autologous or allogeneic Treg function between SLE remission patients and healthy controls were determined using suppression assays.    Results  With age, we found an increased differentiation of RTE Tregs via CD31 +  memory Tregs and of RTE Tresps via MN Tresps into CD31 −  memory Tregs/Tresp in healthy volunteers. This opposite differentiation of RTE Tregs and Tresps was associated with an age-dependent increase in the suppressive activity of both naive and memory Tregs. SLE patients showed similar age-dependent Treg cell differentiation. However, in these patients RTE Tresps differentiated increasingly via CD31 +  memory Tresps, whereby CD31 −  memory Tresps arose that were much more difficult to inhibit for Tregs than those that emerged through differentiation via MN Tresps. Consequently, the increase in the suppressive activity of Tregs with age could not be maintained in SLE patients. Testing the Tregs of healthy volunteers and SLE patients with autologous and nonautologous Tresps revealed that the significantly decreased Treg function in SLE patients was not exclusively attributed to an age-dependent diminished sensitivity of the Tresps for Treg suppression. The immunosuppressive therapy reduced the accelerated age-dependent Tresp cell proliferation to normal levels, but simultaneously inhibited Treg cell proliferation below normal levels.    Conclusions  Our data reveal that the currently used immunosuppressive therapy has a favorable effect on the differentiation and proliferation of Tresps but has a rather unfavorable effect on the proliferation of Tregs. Newer substances with more specific effects on the immune system would be desirable.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13075-018-1778-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Immunosuppressive therapy influences the accelerated age-dependent T-helper cell differentiation in systemic lupus erythematosus remission patients