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Objective  Allopurinol dosing has frequently been limited based on creatinine clearance (CrCL), resulting in failure to achieve target serum urate (SU). The aim of this analysis was to determine how many milligrams of allopurinol above the recommended CrCL-based dose (R+) are required to achieve target SU and to investigate the factors that influence R+.    Methods  We analysed data from participants in a 24-month open, randomized, controlled, parallel-group, comparative clinical trial. Data obtained during the 12-month dose escalation (DE) phase of the study (year 1 for DE/DE and year 2 for control/DE) were combined. R+ dose was defined as the number of milligrams of allopurinol above the CrCL-based dose at the final visit.    Results  Of the 132 participants, R+ allopurinol dose at the final visit was ≤ 100 mg/day in 38 (28.8%), 101–200 mg/day in 46 (34.8%) and > 200 mg/day in 48 participants (37.1%). There was no significant difference between the R+ groups in the number of participants achieving target SU. There was an increase in plasma oxypurinol and a larger percentage and absolute change in SU as R+ increased. Multivariate analysis revealed CrCL, weight, baseline SU and allopurinol dose, were significantly positively associated with allopurinol dose at 12 months. There were no significant differences across R+ groups in renal or liver function adverse events, although there were numerically more serious adverse events in the higher R+ groups.    Conclusion  A wide range of R+ doses are required to achieve target SU. Four easily obtained clinical variables (baseline SU, CrCL, weight, and allopurinol dose) may be helpful to predict allopurinol dose.    Trial registration  ANZCTR,  ACTRN12611000845932 . Registered on 10 August 2011.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13075-018-1755-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

How much allopurinol does it take to get to target urate? Comparison of actual dose with creatinine clearance-based dose