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Background  In this study, we investigated the mechanism of platelet activation in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV), as well as the activation of the alternative complement pathway by platelets in AAV.    Methods  CD62P and platelet-leukocyte aggregates in AAV patients were tested by flow cytometry. Platelets were stimulated by plasma from active AAV patients. The effect of the thrombin-protease-activated receptors (PARs) pathway was evaluated by blocking thrombin or PAR1 antagonists. After platelets were activated by plasma from AAV patients, Ca/Mg-Tyrode’s buffer and Mg-EGTA buffer were used to measure complement activation in liquid phase and on the surface of platelets.    Results  The levels of CD62P-expressing platelets and platelet-leukocyte aggregates were significantly higher in active AAV patients than those in remission and normal controls. Platelets were activated by plasma from active AAV patients (percentage of CD62P-expressing platelets, 97.7 ± 3% vs. 1 ± 0.2%,  p  < 0.0001, compared with those incubated with healthy donor plasma), and this was inhibited by thrombin or PAR1 antagonists (percentage of CD62P-expressing platelets, 97.7 ± 3% vs .  2.7 ± 1%,  p  < 0.0001, 97.7 ± 3% vs. 5 ± 1.4%,  p  < 0.0001, respectively). Platelets activated by plasma from AAV patients could trigger complement activation  via  the alternative pathway, as demonstrated by significant elevation of C3a, C5a, and sC5b-9 and significantly more C3c and C5b-9 deposition on the surface of platelets.    Conclusions  Platelets were activated in AAV patients, and such activation was at least partially attributed to the thrombin-PARs pathway. Activated platelets triggered the alternative complement pathway in AAV.

Platelets are activated in ANCA-associated vasculitis via thrombin-PARs pathway and can activate the alternative complement pathway