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Background  Lysine-specific histone demethylase 5C (KDM5C) belongs to the jumonji family of demethylases and is specific for the di- and tri-demethylation of lysine 4 residues on histone 3 (H3K4 me2/3). KDM5C is expressed in the brain and skeletal muscles of humans and is associated with various biologically significant processes. KDM5C is known to be associated with X-linked mental retardation and is also involved in the development of cancer. However, the developmental significance of KDM5C has not been explored yet. In the present study, we investigated the physiological roles of KDM5C during  Xenopus laevis  embryonic development.    Results  Loss-of-function analysis using  kdm5c  antisense morpholino oligonucleotides indicated that  kdm5c  knockdown led to small-sized heads, reduced cartilage size, and malformed eyes (i.e., small-sized and deformed eyes). Molecular analyses of KDM5C functional roles using whole-mount in situ hybridization,  β - galactosidase  staining, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed that loss of  kdm5c  resulted in reduced expression levels of neural crest specifiers and genes involved in eye development. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis indicated the significance of KDM5C in morphogenesis and organogenesis.    Conclusion  Our findings indicated that KDM5C is associated with embryonic development and provided additional information regarding the complex and dynamic gene network that regulates neural crest formation and eye development. This study emphasizes the functional significance of KDM5C in  Xenopus  embryogenesis; however, further analysis is needed to explore the interactions of KDM5C with specific developmental genes.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s13072-018-0241-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Physiological effects of KDM5C on neural crest migration and eye formation during vertebrate development