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Background  Maintenance of cell fate determination requires the Polycomb group for repression; the trithorax group for gene activation; and the enhancer of trithorax and Polycomb (ETP) group for both repression and activation.  Additional sex comb s ( Asx ) is a genetically identified ETP for the  Hox  loci, but the molecular basis of its dual function is unclear.    Results  We show that in vitro, Asx binds directly to the SET domains of the histone methyltransferases (HMT) enhancer of zeste [E(z)] (H3K27me3) and Trx (H3K4me3) through a bipartite interaction site separated by 846 amino acid residues. In  Drosophila  S2 cell nuclei, Asx interacts with E(z) and Trx in vivo.  Drosophila Asx  is required for repression of heat-shock gene  hsp70  and is recruited downstream of the  hsp70  promoter. Changes in the levels of H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 downstream of the  hsp70  promoter in  Asx  mutants relative to wild type show that  Asx  regulates H3K4 and H3K27 trimethylation.    Conclusions  We propose that during transcription Asx modulates the ratio of H3K4me3 to H3K27me3 by selectively recruiting the antagonistic HMTs, E(z) and Trx or other nucleosome-modifying enzymes to  hsp70 .    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13072-017-0151-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

epigenetics and chromatin

Additional sex combs interacts with enhancer of zeste and trithorax and modulates levels of trimethylation on histone H3K4 and H3K27 during transcription of hsp70