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Background  Due to the lack of vaccines, malaria control mainly involves the control of anopheline vectors ( Anopheles  spp.) using chemical insecticides. However, the prolonged and indiscriminate use of these compounds has led to the emergence of resistance in  Anopheles  populations in Africa. Insecticide resistance surveillance programs are less frequent in Cabo Verde than in other African countries. This study aimed to investigate the circulation of the L1014F and L1014S alleles in natural populations of  Anopheles arabiensis  collected from two sampling sites in the city of Praia, Cabo Verde.    Methods   Anopheles  larvae were collected from the two sampling sites and reared in the laboratory until the adult stage. Mosquitoes were first morphologically identified by classical taxonomy and then by molecular species identification using molecular markers. All  Anopheles arabiensis  were subjected to PCR analysis to screen for mutations associated to resistance in the  Na   v   gene.    Results  A total of 105 mosquitoes, all belonging to the  Anopheles gambiae  complex, were identified by classical taxonomy as well as by molecular taxonomy. Molecular identification showed that 100% of the  An. gambiae  senso lato specimens analyzed corresponded to  An. arabiensis.  Analysis of the  Na   v   gene revealed the presence of L1014S and L1014F alleles with frequencies of 0.10 and 0.19, respectively.    Conclusions  Our data demonstrated, for the first time, the presence of the L1014F allele in the  An. arabiensis  population from Cabo Verde, as well as an increase in the frequency of the  kdr  L1014S allele reported in a previous study. The results of this study demonstrate the need to establish new approaches in vector control programs in Cabo Verde.    Graphical Abstract

First report of the L1014F kdr mutation in wild populations of Anopheles arabiensis in Cabo Verde, West Africa