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Canine babesiosis is a disease caused by a parasite of the genus  Babesia  which destroys red blood cells. Previous studies have shown the presence of  Babesia vogeli  in rural areas in Costa Rica using molecular techniques. The objective of the present study was to determine the seroprevalence and prevalence of  B. vogeli  in clinically healthy dogs and their ticks at the national level, both within and outside the Central Valley. Blood samples and ticks from 482 dogs were collected between June 2011 and May 2014, and analyzed by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR); two protocols of endpoint PCR and sequencing were used to confirm qPCR-positive samples. Seroprevalence of canine babesiosis of 5.3% (24/453) was determined at the national level, specifically 2.0% (5/253) within and 9.5% (19/200) outside the Central Valley, respectively. Real-time PCR determined a global prevalence of  B. vogeli  of 31.3% (125/400): 21.4% (47/220) within the Central Valley and 43.3% (78/180) outside the Central Valley. The endpoint PCR amplified only 10 of the 125 blood samples identified as positive in qPCR. One sample amplified by endpoint PCR was sequenced and identified as  B. vogeli . Twelve canines were identified with past infections, seven canines with active infection, and 111 canines with early infection. Two species of ticks were found with  B. vogeli :  Rhipicephalus sanguineus  sensu lato ( n  = 40) and  Amblyomma ovale  ( n  = 1). The prevalence of canine babesiosis at the national level, both within and outside the Central Valley, is reported here for the first time, determining the presence of the piroplasmid throughout the country, with a higher circulation of the agent outside the Central Valley. Only one species,  B. vogeli , was detected in the blood of dogs and their ticks. Therefore, veterinarians should consider using qPCR to determine the presence of the parasite in blood donors and before starting treatment of vector-borne disease in dogs.

Seroprevalence and prevalence of Babesia vogeli in clinically healthy dogs and their ticks in Costa Rica