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Background  Diseases transmitted by invasive  Aedes aegypti  and  Aedes albopictus  mosquitoes are public health issues in the tropics and subtropics. Understanding the ecology of mosquito vectors is essential for the development of effective disease mitigation programs and will allow for accurate predictions of vector occurrence and abundance. Studies that examine mosquito population dynamics are typically focused on female presence or total adult captures without discriminating the temporal and spatial distribution of both sexes.    Methods  We collected immature and adult mosquitoes bimonthly for 2 years (2018–2019) in the Medellín Botanical Garden. Collection sites differed in proximity to buildings and nearby vegetation, and were classified by their overhead vegetation cover. We used linear mixed models (LMMs) and Spatial Analysis by Distance Indices (SADIE) to assess the spatial distribution of  Ae. aegypti  and  Ae. albopictus . Using our  Ae. albopictus  captures exclusively, we assessed (1) the spatial and temporal distribution of males and females using SADIE and a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM), (2) the relationship between climatic variables/vegetation coverage and adult captures using GLMMs and LMMs, and (3) the correlation of male and female size in relation to climatic variables and vegetation coverage using LMMs.    Results  Spatial analysis showed that  Ae. aegypti  and  Ae. albopictus  were distributed at different locations within the surveilled area. However,  Ae. albopictus  was the predominant species in the park during the study period. Adult  Ae. albopictus  captures were positively correlated with precipitation and relative humidity, and inversely correlated with temperature and wind speed. Moreover, we observed a spatial misalignment of  Ae. albopictus  males and females—the majority of males were located in the high vegetation coverage sites, while females were more evenly distributed. We observed significant associations of the size of our adult  Ae. albopictus  captures with precipitation, temperature, and wind speed for both sexes and found that overhead vegetation cover influenced male size, but observed no effect on female size.    Conclusions  Our work elucidates the differential dynamics of  Ae. albopictus  males and females, which is pivotal to develop accurate surveillance and the successful establishment of vector control programs based on the disruption of insect reproduction.    Graphic AbstractSupplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04806-2.

Spatial and temporal population dynamics of male and female Aedes albopictus at a local scale in Medellín, Colombia