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Background  Plant-based mosquito control methods may use as a supplementary malaria vector control strategy. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of smoking ethno-medicinal plants on indoor density and feeding activity of malaria vectors at early hours of the night and its residual effect after midnight in southern Ethiopia.    Methods  Both field and tent trials were conducted to evaluate the impact of smoking  Juniperus procera  leaves , Eucalyptus globulus  seeds and  Olea europaea  leaves in Kolla Shara Village from July 2016 to February 2017. For the field trial, five grass-thatched traditional huts (three for ethno-medicinal plants and two as control [only charcoal smoking and non-charcoal smoking]) were used. Indoor host-seeking mosquitoes were collected by CDC light traps. A Latin square design was employed to minimize the bias due to the variation in house location and different sampling nights. For the tent experiment, 25 3–5-day-old starved wild female  Anopheles  mosquitoes reared from the larvae were released into the tents where a calf was tethered at the mid-point of each tent.    Results  A total of 614  Anopheles  mosquitoes belonging to 5 species were collected from 5 huts, of which 93.4% was  An. arabiensis ;  O. europaea, E. globulus  and  J. procera  reduced the indoor density of  An. arabiensis , with the mean percentage drop of 80%, 73% and 70%, respectively. In the tent trial, smoking of these plants had significant knockdown effects and inhibited feeding on the calves ( F  = 383.5, DF = 3,  P  < 0.01). The mean knockdown effect due to  O. europaea  was relatively high (17.7 ± 0.54; 95% CI 16.8–18.6), while it was only 0.9 ± 0.1 (95% CI 0.29–1.52) in the control tents. All the test plants used in the tent trial caused significantly inhibited feeding activity of  An. arabiensis  on the host ( F  = 383.5, DF = 3,  P  < 0.01). About 94.5%, 89.5% and 86% of mosquitoes were unfed because of the smoking effect of  O. europaea ,  E. globulus  and  J. procera , respectively, whereas only 19.5% were unfed in the control tent.    Conclusions  Smoking ethno-medicinal plant materials reduced indoor density of malaria vectors and inhibited feeding on calves inside the tents. Thus, plant-based mosquito control methods may play a vital role in reducing mosquito bites in the early hours of the night and thereby reduce residual malaria transmission.

An evaluation of repellency and feeding inhibition of ethno-medicinal plants against major malaria vectors in southern Ethiopia