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Background  Emerging arboviral diseases like Zika, dengue and chikungunya that are transmitted by  Aedes aegypti  mosquitoes, are increasingly threatening human health. Blends of human-like synthetic chemical attractants can be used to attract host-seeking mosquitoes. The aim of this study was to test new combinations of traps and odour baits in the laboratory, followed by testing the best candidates in the field to improve  Ae. aegypti  monitoring and surveillance.    Methods  First, the BG-Suna trap was evaluated for capturing laboratory-reared  Ae. aegypti  by testing normal and inverted positions in screen cage tests. Secondly, the attractiveness of the MB5 blend, CO 2 , and their combination was tested. Thirdly, we tested the attractiveness of different trap types (BG-Suna, BG-Sentinel, MM-X and CDC light trap). Finally, we confirmed laboratory results in the field in Paramaribo, Suriname, using the MB5 and BG-Lure odour blends, CO 2  and the BG-Sentinel and BG-Bowl trap using a Latin Square design.    Results  The MB5 blend in combination with CO 2  outperformed traps baited only with CO 2  or MB5 in screen cage tests ( P  < 0.0001). The BG-Sentinel trap performed equally well as the inverted BG-Suna and was taken to the field ( P  = 0.729). In the field, we captured  Ae. aegypti ,  Cx. quinquefasciatus  and  Cx. nigripalpus . We confirmed the laboratory results and found that the combination of the MB5 blend and CO 2  almost doubled  Ae. aegypti  female captures ( P  = 0.004) and more than doubled  Culex  spp. female captures ( P  = 0.005) compared to using only CO 2 . Interestingly, the MB5 blend outperformed the commercially available BG-Lure, in the BG-Sentinel ( P  < 0.001). The BG-Bowl also attracted  Ae. aegypti  when baited with the MB5 blend in similar numbers as the BG-Sentinel baited with the MB5 ( P  = 0.362).    Conclusions  Our study demonstrated that the BG-Sentinel trap baited with the MB5 blend and CO 2  outperforms the current golden standard (BG-Sentinel trap with BG-Lure) for monitoring  Ae. aegypti  females and males, in both laboratory and field experiments. The BG-Bowl baited with the MB5 blend is a good candidate for home use. Finally, the results show that CO 2  is an indispensable component of the attractive blend.

Optimisation and field validation of odour-baited traps for surveillance of Aedes aegypti adults in Paramaribo, Suriname