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Background  It is hypothesised that being a blood-feeding ectoparasite,  Argulus foliaceus  (Linnaeus, 1758), uses similar mechanisms for digestion and host immune evasion to those used by other haematophagous ecdysozoa, including caligid copepods (e.g. sea louse). We recently described and characterised glands associated with the feeding appendages of  A. foliaceus  using histological techniques. The work described in the present study is the first undertaken with the objective of identifying and partially characterising the components secreted from these glands using a proteomic approach.    Methods   Argulus foliaceus  parasites were sampled from the skin of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ), from Loch Fad on the Isle of Bute, Scotland, UK. The proteins from  A. foliaceus  secretory/excretory products (SEPs) were collected from the supernatant of artificial freshwater conditioned with active adult parasites ( n  = 5–9 per ml;  n  = 560 total). Proteins within the SEPs were identified and characterised using LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. Data are available  via  ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD016226.    Results  Data mining of a protein database translated from an  A. foliaceus  dataset using ProteinScape allowed identification of 27 predicted protein sequences from the  A. foliaceus  SEPs, each protein matching the criteria of 2 peptides with at least 4 contiguous amino acids. Nine proteins had no matching sequence through OmicsBox (Blast2GO) analysis searches suggesting that  Argulus  spp. may additionally have unique proteins present in their SEPs. SignalP 5.0 software, identified 13 proteins with a signal sequence suggestive of signal peptides and supportive of secreted proteins being identified. Notably, the functional characteristics of identified  A. foliaceus  proteins/domains have also been described from the salivary glands and saliva of other blood-feeding arthropods such as ticks. Identified proteins included: transporters, peroxidases, metalloproteases, proteases and serine protease inhibitors which are known to play roles in parasite immune evasion/induction (e.g. astacin), immunomodulation (e.g. serpin) and digestion (e.g. trypsin).    Conclusions  To our knowledge, the present study represents the first proteomic analysis undertaken for SEPs from any branchiuran fish louse. Here we reveal possible functional roles of  A. foliaceus  SEPs in digestion and immunomodulation, with a number of protein families shared with other haematophagous ectoparasites. A number of apparently unique secreted proteins were identified compared to other haematophagous ecdysozoa.

parasites and vectors

Identification of proteins from the secretory/excretory products (SEPs) of the branchiuran ectoparasite Argulus foliaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) reveals unique secreted proteins amongst haematophagous ecdysozoa