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Background  Historical European exploration and colonization resulted in the introduction of four species of rodents to the Australian continent from Eurasia: the brown rat,  Rattus norvegicus , the black rat,  R. rattus , the Pacific rat,  R. exulans , and the house mouse,  Mus musculus . The spread of these rodents created opportunities for their co-introduced sucking lice to parasitize and adapt to endemic rodents in Australia.    Methods  We collected sucking lice from rodent specimens in seven museums across Australia. We identified the spiny rat louse,  Polyplax spinulosa , based on morphology. We sequenced the mitochondrial  cox 1 and  rrnL  genes of  P. spinulosa  specimens and constructed a phylogenetic tree with  rrnL  sequences.    Results  We examined 989 rodent specimens of 54 species and collected 2111 adult sucking lice and 1064 nymphal sucking lice. We found that  P. spinulosa  had nearly doubled its host range by parasitizing at least six endemic rodent species in Australia. The other two introduced lice,  P. serrata  and  Hoplopleura pacifica , however, have apparently failed to expand to any endemic rodents in Australia. Our analysis of mitochondrial  rrnL  gene sequences divided  P. spinulosa  into two genotypes (European  vs  Southeast Asian), which differ by 7.5%; both genotypes were introduced into Australia and then expanded their host ranges to include endemic rodents.    Conclusions  The earliest record of a European ship landing in Australia was in 1606, followed by British settlement in 1788. The expansion of  P. spinulosa  to at least six endemic rodent species in Australia has therefore occurred in the time frame of 200 to 400 years, which is extremely rapid relative to its host expansion to eight native rat species in Eurasia in ~ 16 million years since it diverged from  P. serrata . The host expansion of  P. spinulosa  is remarkable for a blood-sucking louse and is in stark contrast to the absence of host expansion by  P. serrata  and  H. pacifica . Comparison among these three introduced sucking lice indicated that both louse-specific factors and host-specific factors can contribute to the success or failure of host expansion.

parasites and vectors

Rapid host expansion of an introduced parasite, the spiny rat louse Polyplax spinulosa (Psocodea: Phthiraptera: Polyplacidae), among endemic rodents in Australia