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Background   Nyssorhynchus darlingi  (also known as  Anopheles darlingi ) is the primary malaria vector in the Amazon River Basin. In Brazil, analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously detected three major population clusters, and a common garden experiment in a laboratory setting revealed significant population variation in life history traits. Increasing temperatures and local level variation can affect life history traits, i.e. adult longevity, that alter vectorial capacity with implications for malaria transmission in  Ny. darlingi .    Methods  We investigated the population structure of  Ny. darlingi  from 7 localities across Brazil utilizing SNPs and compared them to a comprehensive  Ny. darlingi  catalog. To test the effects of local level variation on life history traits, we reared F 1  progeny from the 7 localities at three constant temperatures (20, 24 and 28 °C), measuring key life history traits (larval development, food-starved adult lifespan, adult size and daily survival).    Results  Using nextRAD genotyping-by-sequencing, 93 of the field-collected  Ny. darlingi  were genotyped at 33,759 loci. Results revealed three populations ( K  = 3), congruent with major biomes (Amazonia, Cerrado and Mata Atlântica), with greater  F  ST  values between biomes than within. In the life history experiments, increasing temperature reduced larval development time, adult lifespan, and wing length in all localities. The variation of family responses for all traits within four localities of the Amazonia biome was significant (ANOVA,  P  < 0.05). Individual families within localities revealed a range of responses as temperature increased, for larval development, adult lifespan, wing length and survival time.    Conclusions  SNP analysis of several Brazilian localities provided results in support of a previous study wherein populations of  Ny. darlingi  were clustered by three major Brazilian biomes. Our laboratory results of temperature effects demonstrated that population variation in life history traits of  Ny. darlingi  exists at the local level, supporting previous research demonstrating the high plasticity of this species. Understanding this plasticity and inherent variation between families of  Ny. darlingi  at the local level should be considered when deploying intervention strategies and may improve the likelihood of successful malaria elimination in South America.

Evidence for family-level variation of phenotypic traits in response to temperature of Brazilian Nyssorhynchus darlingi