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Background  Different immune mechanisms are capable of killing developmental stages of filarial nematodes and these mechanisms are also likely to vary between the primary and a challenge infection. However, the lack of a detailed analysis of cytokine, chemokine and immunoglobulin levels in human loiasis is still evident. Therefore, detailed analysis of immune responses induced by the different developmental stages of  Loa loa  in immune-competent BALB/c mice will aid in the characterization of distinct immune responses that are important for the immunity against loiasis.    Methods  Different developmental stages of  L. loa  were obtained from human peripheral blood (microfilariae, MF), the transmitting vector,  Chrysops  (larval stage 3, L3) and infected immune-deficient BALB/cRAG2γc −/−  mice (L4, L5, adult worms). Groups of wildtype BALB/c mice were then injected with the isolated stages and after 42 days post-infection (pi), systemic cytokine, chemokine and immunoglobulin levels were determined. These were then compared to  L. loa -specific responses from  in vitro  re-stimulated splenocytes from individual mice. All parameters were determined using Luminex technology.    Results  In a pilot study, BALB/c mice cleared the different life stages of  L. loa  within 42 days pi and systemic cytokine, chemokine and immunoglobulin levels were equal between infected and naive mice. Nevertheless,  L. loa -specific re-stimulation of splenocytes from mice infected with L5, MF or adult worms led to induction of Th2, Th17 and chemokine secretion patterns.    Conclusions  This study shows that although host immunity remains comparable to naive mice, clearance of  L. loa  life-cycle development stages can induce immune cell memory leading to cytokine, chemokine and immunoglobulins secretion patterns which might contribute to immunity and protection against reinfection.

Comparison of immune responses to Loa loa stage-specific antigen extracts in Loa loa-exposed BALB/c mice upon clearance of infection