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Background  The genus  Onchocerca  Diesing, 1841 includes species of medical importance, such as  O. volvulus  (Leuckart, 1893), which causes river blindness in the tropics. Recently, zoonotic onchocercosis has been reported in humans worldwide. In Japan,  O. dewittei japonica  Uni, Bain & Takaoka, 2001 from wild boars is a causative agent for this zoonosis. Many filarioid nematodes are infected with  Wolbachia  endosymbionts which exhibit various evolutionary relationships with their hosts. While investigating the filarial fauna of Borneo, we discovered an undescribed  Onchocerca  species in the bearded pig  Sus barbatus  Müller (Cetartiodactyla: Suidae).    Methods  We isolated  Onchocerca  specimens from bearded pigs and examined their morphology. For comparative material, we collected fresh specimens of  O. d. dewittei  Bain, Ramachandran, Petter & Mak, 1977 from banded pigs ( S. scrofa vittatus  Boie) in Peninsular Malaysia. Partial sequences of three different genes (two mitochondrial genes,  cox 1 and  12S  rRNA, and one nuclear ITS region) of these filarioids were analysed. By multi-locus sequence analyses based on six genes ( 16S  rDNA,  ftsZ ,  dnaA ,  coxA ,  fbpA  and  gatB ) of  Wolbachia , we determined the supergroups in the specimens from bearded pigs and those of  O. d. dewittei .    Results   Onchocerca borneensis  Uni, Mat Udin & Takaoka n. sp. is described on the basis of morphological characteristics and its genetic divergence from congeners. Molecular characteristics of the new species revealed its close evolutionary relationship with  O. d. dewittei . Calculated p-distance for the  cox 1 gene sequences between  O. borneensis  n. sp. and  O. d. dewittei  was 5.9%, while that between  O. d. dewittei  and  O. d. japonica  was 7.6%. No intraspecific genetic variation was found for the new species.  Wolbachia  strains identified in the new species and  O. d. dewittei  belonged to supergroup C and are closely related.    Conclusions  Our molecular analyses of filarioids from Asian suids indicate that the new species is sister to  O. d. dewittei . On the basis of its morphological and molecular characteristics, we propose to elevate  O. d. japonica  to species level as  O. japonica  Uni, Bain & Takaoka, 2001. Coevolutionary relationships exist between the  Wolbachia  strains and their filarial hosts in Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia.

parasites and vectors

Description, molecular characteristics and Wolbachia endosymbionts of Onchocerca borneensis Uni, Mat Udin &amp; Takaoka n. sp. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from the Bornean bearded pig Sus barbatus Müller (Cetartiodactyla: Suidae) of Sarawak, Malaysia