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Background  The recent detection of the South Asian malaria vector  Anopheles stephensi  in Ethiopia and other regions in the Horn of Africa has raised concerns about its potential impact on malaria transmission. We report here the findings of a survey for this species in eastern Ethiopia using both morphological and molecular methods for species identification.    Methods  Adult and larval/pupal collections were conducted at ten sites in eastern Ethiopia and  Anopheles  specimens were identified using standard morphological keys and genetic analysis.    Results  In total, 2231 morphologically identified  An. stephensi  were collected. A molecular approach incorporating both PCR endpoint assay and sequencing of portions of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and cytochrome  c  oxidase subunit 1 ( cox 1) loci confirmed the identity of the  An. stephensi  in most cases (119/124 of the morphologically identified  An. stephensi  confirmed molecularly). Additionally, we observed  Aedes aegypti  larvae and pupae at many of the  An. stephensi  larval habitats.    Conclusions  Our findings show that  An. stephensi  is widely distributed in eastern Ethiopia and highlight the need for further surveillance in the southern, western and northern parts of the country and throughout the Horn of Africa.

Geographical distribution of Anopheles stephensi in eastern Ethiopia