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Background  The waterborne pathogens  Cryptosporidium  spp.,  Giardia duodenalis ,  Enterocytozoon bieneusi  and  Cyclospora cayetanensis  can cause intestinal diseases in humans. An understanding of their occurrence and transport in the environment is essential for accurate quantitative microbial risk assessment.    Methods  A total of 238 influent samples were collected from four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and 88 samples from eight sewer locations in Guangzhou, China. PCR-based tools were used to detect and genetically characterize  Cryptosporidium  spp.,  G. duodenalis  and  E. bieneusi .  Eimeria  spp. and  Cyclospora  spp. were also analyzed to assess the sources of  Cryptosporidium  spp.,  G. duodenalis  and  E. bieneusi  in wastewater.    Results  The overall occurrence rates in the WWTP and sewer samples were 14.3% (34/238) and 13.6% (12/88) for  Cryptosporidium  spp., 55.5% (132/238) and 33.0% (29/88) for  G. duodenalis , 56.3% (134/238) and 26.1% (23/88) for  E. bieneusi  and 45.4% (108/238) and 47.7% (42/88) for  Eimeria  spp., respectively. Altogether, 11  Cryptosporidium  species and genotypes, six  G. duodenalis  genotypes, 11  E. bieneusi  genotypes and four  C. cayetanensis  were found, together with the presence of nine  Eimeria  species. The common occurrence of  Cryptosporidium  rat genotype IV,  C. muris  and  Eimeria papillata  and  E. nieschulzi  suggested that rodents were significant sources of the enteric pathogens detected in the wastewater samples.    Conclusions  While the dominant  Cryptosporidium  spp. detected in the raw wastewater sampled in this study are not pathogenic to humans, the widely detected  G. duodenalis  assemblage A and  E. bieneusi  genotypes D and Type IV are well-known zoonotic pathogens. Further studies are needed to monitor the occurrence of these waterborne pathogens in WWTPs to better understand their transmission and environmental transport in China.

parasites and vectors

Molecular characterization of the waterborne pathogens Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Cyclospora cayetanensis and Eimeria spp. in wastewater and sewage in Guangzhou, China