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Background   Aedes albopictus  is an indigenous primary vector for dengue and Zika viruses in China. Compared with its insecticide resistance, biology and vector competence, little is known about its genetic variation, which corresponds to environmental variations. Thus, the present study examines how  Ae. albopictus  varies among different climatic regions in China and deciphers its potential dispersal patterns.    Methods  The genetic variation and population structure of 17  Ae. albopictus  populations collected from three climatic regions of China were investigated with 11 microsatellite loci and the mitochondrial  coxI  gene.    Results  Of 44 isolated microsatellite markers, 11 pairs were chosen for genotyping analysis and had an average PIC value of 0.713, representing high polymorphism. The number of alleles was high in each population, with the  n   e   value increasing from the temperate region (3.876) to the tropical region (4.144). Twenty-five  coxI  haplotypes were detected, and the highest diversity was observed in the tropical region. The mean Ho value (ca. 0.557) of all the regions was significantly lower than the mean He value (ca. 0.684), with nearly all populations significantly departing from HWE and displaying significant population expansion ( p  value < 0.05). Two genetically isolated groups and three haplotype clades were evaluated via STRUCTURE and haplotype phylogenetic analyses, and the tropical populations were significantly isolated from those in the other regions. Most genetic variation in  Ae. albopictus  was detected within populations and individuals at 31.40 and 63.04%, respectively, via the AMOVA test, and a relatively significant positive correlation was observed among only the temperate populations via IBD analysis ( R  2  = 0.6614,  p  = 0.048). Recent dispersions were observed among different  Ae. albopictus  populations, and four major migration trends with high gene flow (Nm > 0.4) were reconstructed between the tropical region and the other two regions. Environmental factors, especially temperature and rainfall, may be the leading causes of genetic diversity in different climatic regions.    Conclusions  Continuous dispersion contributes to the genetic communication of  Ae. albopictus  populations across different climatic regions, and environmental factors, especially temperature and rainfall, may be the leading causes of genetic variation.    Graphical abstract

Dispersal patterns and population genetic structure of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in three different climatic regions of China