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ZAIA

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Background   Thelazia callipaeda  is a zoonotic parasitic nematode of the family Thelaziidae, with  Phortica okadai  as its intermediate host and only confirmed vector in China. China has the largest number of human cases of thelaziosis in the world. It is generally believed that infected domestic animals (dogs and cats) are the most important reservoir hosts of  T. callipaeda , and thus pose a direct threat to humans. At present, there is little research or attention focused on the role of wildlife in the transmission cycle of thelaziosis in nature reserves.    Methods  We selected locations in four national nature reserves across China to monitor  P. okadai  and wildlife. We used a fly-trap method to monitor  P. okadai  density. Morphological analysis of the parasites collected from the conjunctival sac of the infected wildlife was undertaken as the first step in species identification, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for species confirmation.    Results  In 2019, the density of  P. okadai  in Foping National Nature Reserve in China increased sharply, and infected  P. okadai  were newly found in the reserve. Giant panda, wild boar, leopard cat, and black bear were found to be newly infected with  T. callipaeda  (one individual of each species). A total of four worms were collected, one from each species of wildlife. The four worms were identified as  T. callipaeda  by their morphological characteristics; species identification was confirmed by PCR amplification.    Conclusions  To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of  T. callipaeda  infection in  P. okadai  as well as in a variety of wildlife, including giant panda, in nature reserves in China. These results indicate that there is a transmission cycle of  T. callipaeda  among wildlife in these nature reserves. The increasing number of case reports of thelaziosis in wildlife suggest a likely risk of  T. callipaeda  infection for the inhabitants of villages situated around nature reserves.

A first report of Thelazia callipaeda infection in Phortica okadai and wildlife in national nature reserves in China