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Background  Domesticated and wild swine play an important role as reservoir hosts of  Trichinella  spp. and a source of infection for humans. Little is known about the survival of  Trichinella  larvae in muscles and the duration of anti- Trichinella  antibodies in pigs with long-lasting infections.    Methods  Sixty pigs were divided into three groups of 20 animals and infected with 10,000 larvae of  Trichinella spiralis ,  Trichinella britovi  or  Trichinella pseudospiralis . Four pigs from each group were sacrificed at 2, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months post-infection (p.i.) and the number of larvae per gram (LPG) of muscles was calculated. Serum samples were tested by ELISA and western blot using excretory/secretory (ES) and crude antigens.    Results   Trichinella spiralis  showed the highest infectivity and immunogenicity in pigs and larvae survived in pig muscles for up to 2 years p.i. In these pigs, the IgG level significantly increased at 30 days p.i. and reached a peak at about 60 days p.i., remaining stable until the end of the experiment. In  T. britovi- infected pigs, LPG was about 70 times lower than for  T. spiralis  at 2 months p.i. and only very few infecting larvae were detected at 6 months p.i., whereas no larvae were detected at 12, 18 and 24 months p.i. At 6 months p.i., degenerated/calcified larvae and cysts were detected in the muscles by trichinoscopy and histology. The IgG pattern showed by  T. britovi -infected pigs was similar to that of  T. spiralis -infected pigs, although seroconversion occurred some days later. The larval burden of  T. pseudospiralis  was slightly greater than for  T. britovi  at 2 months p.i., but no larvae were detected at 6 and 12 months p.i. In  T. pseudospiralis -infected pigs, seroconversion occurred slowly, as in  T. britovi -infected pigs. The IgG level showed a significant drop at 6 months p.i. and declining to the cut-off value at 12 months p.i.    Conclusions  The longer survival of  T. spiralis  in pigs in comparison with the other two species highlights its exceptional dissemination potential. These results provide an explanation of the controversial data collected by parasitological and serological tools in the course of epidemiological investigations.

parasites and vectors

Differences in larval survival and IgG response patterns in long-lasting infections by Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella britovi and Trichinella pseudospiralis in pigs