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Background:  The main targets of the host’s immune system in  Trichinella spiralis  infection are the adult worms (AW), at the gut level, and the migrant or newborn larvae (NBL), at systemic and pulmonary levels. Most of the studies carried out in the gut mucosa have been performed on the Payer’s patches and/or the mesenteric lymph nodes but not on the lamina propria, therefore, knowledge on the gut immune response against  T. spiralis  remains incomplete.    Methods  This study aimed at characterizing the early mucosal immune response against  T. spiralis , particularly, the events taking place between 1 and 13 dpi. For this purpose, Wistar rats were orally infected with muscle larvae of  T. spiralis  and the humoral and cellular parameters of the gut immunity were analysed, including the evaluation of the ADCC mechanism exerted by lamina propria cells.    Results  A marked inflammation and structural alteration of the mucosa was found. The changes involved an increase in goblet cells, eosinophils and mast cells, and B and T lymphocytes, initially displaying a Th1 profile, characterised by the secretion of IFN-γ and IL-12, followed by a polarization towards a Th2 profile, with a marked increase in IgE, IgG1, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 levels, which occurred once the infection was established. In addition, the helminthotoxic activity of lamina propria cells demonstrated the role of the intestine as a place of migrant larvae destruction, indicating that not all the NBLs released in the gut will be able to reach the muscles.    Conclusions  The characterization of the immune response triggered in the gut mucosa during  T. spiralis  infection showed that not only an effector mechanism is directed toward the AW but also towards the NBL as a cytotoxic activity was observed against NBL exerted by lamina propria cells.

Cellular and molecular changes and immune response in the intestinal mucosa during Trichinella spiralis early infection in rats