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Background  The Greek island of Crete is endemic for both visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and recently increasing cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). This study summarizes published data on the sand fly fauna of Crete, the results of new sand fly samplings and the description of a new sand fly species.    Methods  All published and recent samplings were carried out using CDC light traps, sticky traps or mouth aspirators. The specific status of  Phlebotomus  ( Adlerius )  creticus  n. sp., was assessed by morphological analysis,  cytochrome b  ( cytb ) sequencing and MALDI-TOF protein profiling.    Results  Published data revealed the presence of 10  Phlebotomus  spp. and 2  Sergentomyia  spp. During presented field work, 608 specimens of 8 species of  Phlebotomus  and one species of  Sergentomyia  were collected. Both published data and present samplings revealed that the two most common and abundant species were  Phlebotomus neglectus , a proven vector of  Leishmania infantum  causing VL, and  Ph. similis , a suspected vector of  L. tropica  causing CL. In addition, the field surveys revealed the presence of a new species,  Ph.  ( Adlerius )  creticus  n. sp.    Conclusions  The identification of the newly described species is based on both molecular and morphological criteria, showing distinct characters of the male genitalia that differentiate it from related species of the subgenus  Adlerius  as well as species-specific sequence of  cytb  and protein spectra generated by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.

Sand fly fauna of Crete and the description of Phlebotomus (Adlerius) creticus n. sp. (Diptera: Psychodidae)