English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Background  Although  Plasmodium  parasites and intestinal helminths share common endemic areas, the mechanisms of these co-infections on the host immune response remain not fully understood. Liver involvement in severe  Plasmodium falciparum  infections is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. However, the effect of pre-existing  Trichinella spiralis  infection on the immune response and liver immune-pathogenesis in  P. berghei  ANKA ( Pb ANKA)-infected mice needs to be elucidated.    Methods  Outbred Kunming mice were infected with  T. spiralis  and 9 days later were challenged with  P. berghei  ANKA ( Pb ANKA), and the investigation occurred at 13 days after co-infection.    Results  Compared with  Pb ANKA-mono-infected mice,  T. spiralis  +  Pb ANKA-co-infected mice had similar survival rate but lower  Pb ANKA parasitaemia; however, there were more severe hepatosplenomegaly, increased liver and spleen indexes, and increased liver pathology observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining; higher expression levels of galectin (Gal)-1, Gal-3, CD68 +  macrophages, and elastase-positive neutrophils measured by immunohistochemical staining; upregulated mRNA expression levels of Gal-1, Gal-3, cytokines (interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and interleukin (IL)-6), and M1 macrophage polarization marker (inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)) in the liver, and increased expression levels of Gal-1, IFNγ, IL-6, eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil protein X, and M1 (IL-1β and iNOS) and M2 (Ym1) macrophage polarization markers in the spleen of co-infected mice detected by using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).  In vitro  study showed that compared with  Pb ANKA-mono-infected mice, there were significantly increased expression levels of Gal-1, Gal-3, IL-6, IL-1β, and iNOS in the peritoneal macrophage isolated from co-infected mice detected by using qRT-PCR. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations between Gal-3 and IL-1β in the peritoneal macrophages isolated from  Pb ANKA-mono-infected mice, between Gal-3 and IFNγ in the spleen of co-infected mice, and between Gal-1 and Ym1 in the peritoneal macrophages isolated from co-infected mice.    Conclusions  Our data indicate that pre-existing infection of  T. spiralis  may suppress  P. berghei  parasitaemia and aggravate malaria-induced liver pathology through stimulating Gal-1 and Gal-3 expression, activating macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils, and promoting mediator release and cytokine production.

Trichinella spiralis co-infection exacerbates Plasmodium berghei malaria-induced hepatopathy