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Background  Malaria is still a heavy public health concern in Madagascar. Few studies combining parasitology and entomology have been conducted despite the need for accurate information to design effective vector control measures. In a Malagasy region of moderate to intense transmission of both  Plasmodium falciparum  and  P. vivax , parasitology and entomology have been combined to survey malaria transmission in two nearby villages.    Methods  Community-based surveys were conducted in the villages of Ambohitromby and Miarinarivo at three time points (T1, T2 and T3) during a single malaria transmission season. Human malaria prevalence was determined by rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), microscopy and real-time PCR. Mosquitoes were collected by human landing catches and pyrethrum spray catches and the presence of  Plasmodium  sporozoites was assessed by TaqMan assay.    Results  Malaria prevalence was not significantly different between villages, with an average of 8.0% by RDT, 4.8% by microscopy and 11.9% by PCR. This was mainly due to  P. falciparum  and to a lesser extent to  P. vivax . However, there was a significantly higher prevalence rate as determined by PCR at T2 (   \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} 				\usepackage{amsmath} 				\usepackage{wasysym}  				\usepackage{amsfonts}  				\usepackage{amssymb}  				\usepackage{amsbsy} 				\usepackage{mathrsfs} 				\usepackage{upgreek} 				\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} 				\begin{document}$$\chi_{2}^{2}$$\end{document}    χ   2   2= 7.46,  P  = 0.025). Likewise, mosquitoes were significantly more abundant at T2 (   \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} 				\usepackage{amsmath} 				\usepackage{wasysym}  				\usepackage{amsfonts}  				\usepackage{amssymb}  				\usepackage{amsbsy} 				\usepackage{mathrsfs} 				\usepackage{upgreek} 				\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} 				\begin{document}$$\chi_{2}^{2}$$\end{document}    χ   2   2= 64.8,  P  < 0.001), especially in Ambohitromby. At T1 and T3 mosquito abundance was higher in Miarinarivo than in Ambohitromby (   \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} 				\usepackage{amsmath} 				\usepackage{wasysym}  				\usepackage{amsfonts}  				\usepackage{amssymb}  				\usepackage{amsbsy} 				\usepackage{mathrsfs} 				\usepackage{upgreek} 				\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} 				\begin{document}$$\chi_{2}^{2}$$\end{document}    χ   2   2= 14.92,  P  < 0.001). Of 1550  Anopheles  mosquitoes tested, 28 (1.8%) were found carrying  Plasmodium  sporozoites. The entomological inoculation rate revealed that  Anopheles coustani  played a major contribution in malaria transmission in Miarinarivo, being responsible of 61.2 infective bites per human (ib/h) during the whole six months of the survey, whereas, it was  An. arabiensis , with 36 ib/h, that played that role in Ambohitromby.    Conclusions  Despite a similar malaria prevalence in two nearby villages, the entomological survey showed a different contribution of  An. coustani  and  An. arabiensis  to malaria transmission in each village. Importantly, the suspected secondary malaria vector  An. coustani , was found playing the major role in malaria transmission in one village. This highlights the importance of combining parasitology and entomology surveys for better targeting local malaria vectors. Such study should contribute to the malaria pre-elimination goal established under the 2018–2022 National Malaria Strategic Plan.

parasites and vectors

Differential contribution of Anopheles coustani and Anopheles arabiensis to the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in two neighbouring villages of Madagascar