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Background   Enterocytozoon bieneusi  is the most frequently detected microsporidian species in humans and animals. Currently, to the best of our knowledge, no information on  E. bieneusi  infection in Himalayan marmots ( Marmota himalayana ) and Alashan ground squirrels ( Spermophilus alashanicus ) is available worldwide. The aim of the present study was to understand the occurrence and genetic characterizations of  E. bieneusi  in Himalayan marmots and Alashan ground squirrels in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau area (QTPA), Gansu Province, China.    Methods  A total of 498 intestinal contents were collected from 399 Himalayan marmots and 99 Alashan ground squirrels in QTPA. These samples were screened for the presence of  E. bieneusi  by using nested polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. The ITS-positive sequences were aligned and phylogenetically analyzed to determine the genotypes of  E. bieneusi .    Results  The average infection rate of  E. bieneusi  was 10.0% (50/498), with 11.8% (47/399) in Himalayan marmots and 3.0% (3/99) in Alashan ground squirrels. A total of 7 distinct  E. bieneusi  genotypes were confirmed: 1 known genotype, YAK1 ( n  = 18) and 6 novel genotypes, named as ZY37 ( n  = 27), HN39 ( n  = 1), HN96 ( n  = 1), SN45 ( n  = 1), XH47 ( n  = 1) and ZY83 ( n  = 1). All the genotypes obtained in the present study were classified into group 1.    Conclusions  To our knowledge, this is the first report of  E. bieneusi  in Himalayan marmots and Alashan ground squirrels in China. The identification of genotype YAK1 in the two rodent species expanded the host range of this genotype. All the seven genotypes were clustered into zoonotic group 1, suggesting that these animal species can be potential epidemiological vectors of zoonotic microsporidiosis caused by  E. bieneusi  and pose a threat to ecological security. It is necessary to strengthen management practices and surveillance in the investigated areas to reduce the risk of  E. bieneusi  infection from the two rodent species to humans.

parasites and vectors

Identification and genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in wild Himalayan marmots (Marmota himalayana) and Alashan ground squirrels (Spermophilus alashanicus) in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau area (QTPA) of Gansu Province, China