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Background  Environmental conditions in northern Spain allow the development of different arthropods involved in the transmission of significant canine vector-borne pathogens. The aim of the study was to systematically assess seroprevalence rates for  Leishmania infantum ,  Ehrlichia canis ,  Anaplasma  spp.,  Dirofilaria immitis  and  Borrelia burgdorferi , and risk factors in dogs from all regions of the north of Spain.    Methods  A total of 556 dogs were included in this study between January 2017 and December 2018, belonging to 30 practices covering all regions in northern Spain (Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, Basque Country, Navarra, Aragon and Catalonia). All practices were located in the north of every region. Blood samples were analyzed using the 4DX SNAP® test (IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, Maine, USA) for the detection of  D. immitis  antigen and  E. canis ,  B. burgdorferi  and  Anaplasma  spp. antibodies.  Leishmania  SNAP ®  test (IDEXX Laboratories) was used for detection of  L. infantum  antibodies. Associations between prevalence of canine vector-borne pathogens, epidemiological and clinical signs data were statistically analyzed.    Results  The overall prevalence rates were 8.99% for  L. infantum , 1.26% for  Anaplasma  spp., 0.9% for  E. canis , 0.72% for  B. burgdorferi , and 0.18% for  D. immitis . Globally, 11.33% of the dogs included in the study were positive to any tested vector-borne pathogen.  Leishmania infantum  seroprevalence was the highest and the only one detected in all the regions.  Leishmania infantum  seropositivity was associated with age > 10 years-old, outdoor access, anemia, fever, dermatological signs, lympadenomegaly, muscular atrophy, ocular signs and renal disease.  Ehrlichia canis  seropositivity was associated with the summer season and living in urban areas. Apathy, weakness, anorexia, weight loss, anemia, fever and gastrointestinal clinical signs were also associated with  E. canis  antibody detection. Living in a rural area was also a risk factor for  Anaplasma  spp. and  B. burgdorferi  seropositivity.    Conclusions  To our knowledge, this is the first multicenter survey performed in northern Spain assessing different canine vector-borne diseases from all regions. Results show the presence of autochthonous cases of these diseases. The vector-borne pathogens found in this study should be included in the differential diagnosis in dogs from some areas previously considered non-endemic for these pathogens.

Serological evaluation of selected vector-borne pathogens in owned dogs from northern Spain based on a multicenter study using a commercial test