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Background  The subgenus  Megatrypanum  Hoare, 1964 of  Trypanosoma  Gruby, 1843 comprises trypanosomes of cervids and bovids from around the world. Here, the white-tailed deer  Odocoileus virginianus  (Zimmermann) and its ectoparasite, the deer ked  Lipoptena mazamae  Rondani, 1878 (hippoboscid fly), were surveyed for trypanosomes in Venezuela.    Results  Haemoculturing unveiled 20% infected WTD, while 47% (7/15) of blood samples and 38% (11/29) of ked guts tested positive for the  Megatrypanum- specific TthCATL-PCR.  CATL  and  SSU  rRNA sequences uncovered a single species of trypanosome. Phylogeny based on  SSU  rRNA and  gGAPDH  sequences tightly cluster WTD trypanosomes from Venezuela and the USA, which were strongly supported as geographical variants of the herein described  Trypanosoma  ( Megatrypanum )  trinaperronei  n. sp. In our analyses, the new species was closest to  Trypanosoma  sp. D30 from fallow deer (Germany), both nested into TthII alongside other trypanosomes from cervids (North American elk and European fallow, red and sika deer), and bovids (cattle, antelopes and sheep). Insights into the life-cycle of  T. trinaperronei  n. sp. were obtained from early haemocultures of deer blood and co-culture with mammalian and insect cells showing flagellates resembling  Megatrypanum  trypanosomes previously reported in deer blood, and deer ked guts. For the first time, a trypanosome from a cervid was cultured and phylogenetically and morphologically (light and electron microscopy) characterised.    Conclusions  In the analyses based on  SSU  rRNA,  gGAPDH ,  CATL  and ITS rDNA sequences, neither cervids nor bovids trypanosomes were monophyletic but intertwined within TthI and TthII major phylogenetic lineages. One host species can harbour more than one species/genotype of trypanosome, but each trypanosome species/genotype was found in a single host species or in phylogenetically closely related hosts. Molecular evidence that  L. mazamae  may transmit  T. trinaperronei  n. sp. suggests important evolutionary constraints making tight the tripartite  T. trinaperronei -WTD-deer ked association. In a plausible evolutionary scenario,  T. trinaperronei  n. sp. entered South America with North American white-tailed deer at the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary following the closure of the Panama Isthmus.

parasites and vectors

Pan-American Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) trinaperronei n. sp. in the white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann and its deer ked Lipoptena mazamae Rondani, 1878: morphological, developmental and phylogeographical characterisation